La segregación urbana : una breve revisión teórica para urbanistas.

Resumo

Este artículo resume las teorías usadas más comúnmente en las ciencias sociales para explicar las causas y consecuencias de la segregación urbana en las ciudades contemporáneas. Además, se propone un nuevo marco teórico, basado en los aportes de la antropología, al igual que se resumen las soluciones propuestas por urbanistas. Se termina con una agenda nueva para investigar y abordar el problema. El artículo concluye que la segregación tiene aspectos positivos y negativos y debe ser entendida y abordada como un fenómeno típicamente moderno que requiere propuestas nuevas en los ámbitos del urbanismo y el discurso político.

Referências

Abeles, P. L. (1989). Planning and Zoning. Zoning and the American Dream. Promises Still to Keep, edited by Charles Haar and Jerold S. Kayden. Chicago: Planners Press.

Appleyard, D. (1979). The Environment as a Social Symbol: Within a Theory of Environmental Action and Perception. Journal of the American Planning Association, 45 (2): 143-153.

Appadurai, A. (1986). Introduction: Commodities and the Politics of Value. The Social Life of Things. Commodities in Cultural Perspective, edited by Arjun Appadurai. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Banerjee, T. and William C. B. (1984). Beyond the Neighborhood Unit. Residential Environment and Public Policy. New York: Plenum Press.

Barth, F. (1969). Introduction. In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. The Social Organization of Cultural Difference. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.

Béteille, A. (1994). Inequality and Equality. In Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology, edited by Tim Ingold. London: Routledge.

Block, F. (1990). Postindustrial Possibilities. A Critique of Economic Discourse. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Blumenfeld, H. (1971). Comments on the Neighborhood Concept. In The Modern Metropolis. Its Origins, Growth, Characteristics, and Planning, edited by Paul D. Spreiregen. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

Boal, F. W. (2005). Urban Ethnic Segregation and the Scenarios Spectrum. In Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1990). The Logic of Practice, translated by Richard Nice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Briggs, Xavier de Souza. (2005). Social Capital and Segregation in the United States. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Cameron, S. and Simin, D. (2003). Combating social exclusion: looking in or looking out. Social Exclusion in European Cities: Process, Experiences, and Responses, edited by Ali Madanipour, Göran Cars, and Judith Allen. London: Routledge.

Castillero Calvo, A. (1994). La vivienda colonial en Panamá. Panamá: Biblioteca Cultural Shell.

Douglas, M. (1996). Thought Styles. Critical Essays on Good Taste. London: Sage Publications.

Douglas, M. (2004). Traditional Culture- Lets Hear No More About It. Culture and Public Action, edited by Vijayendra Rao and Michael Walton. Stanford: University of Stanford Press.

Downs, A. (2000). How City-Planning Practices Affect Metropolitan-Area Housing Markets, and Vice Versa. The Profession of City Planning: Changes, Images, and Challenges, 1950-2000, edited by Lloyd Rodwin and Bishwapriya Sanyal. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research.

Dumont, L. (1980). Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications, translated by Mark Sainsbury, Louis Dumont, and Baisa Gulati. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Duncan, J. S. (1982). From Container of Women to Status Symbol: The Impact of Social Structure on the Meaning of the House. Housing and Identity. Cross-cultural Perspectives, edited by James S. Duncan. New York: Holmes & Meier.

Espino, A. (2007). El patrimonio arquitectónico y la restauración en la ciudad de Panamá. La acción del Estado: recuperación del Casco Antiguo de la ciudad de Panamá. Revista de Arquitectura, 9, 38-47.

Espino, N. A. (2007). The Development of Low-Income Housing in the Central and Historic Neighborhoods of Panama City: New models for Economic Development and Social Integration Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Working Paper.

Espino, N. A. (2005). Inequality, Segregation, and Housing Markets: The U.S. Case. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Friedman, J. (1994). Introduction. Consumption and Identity, edited by Jonathan Friedman. Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers.

Gans, H. (1995). The War Against the Poor. The Underclass and Antipoverty Policy. New York: Basic Books.

Gans, H. (1961a). Planning and Social Life: Friendship and Neighbor Relations in Suburban Communities. Journal of the American Institute of Planners. 27: 134-140.

Gans, H. (1961b). The Balanced Community: Homogeneity or Heterogeneity in Residential Areas. Journal of the American Institute of Planners. 27: 176-184.

Giddens, A. (1984). The Constitution of Society. Berkeley: The University of California Press.

Gilligan, J. (2001). Preventing Violence. New York: Thames & Hudson.

Goode, J. (2002). How Urban Ethnography Counters Myths About the Poor. Urban Life. Readings in Anthropology of the City, edited by George Gmelch and Walter P. Zenner.Long Grove: Waveland Press.

Graeber, D. (2001). Toward and Anthropological Theory of Value: The False Coin of Our Own Dreams. New York: Palgrave.

Harvey, D. (1985). The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Healy, P. (2003). Institutionalist theory, social exclusion and governance. Social Exclusion in European Cities: Processs, Experiences, and Responses, edited by Ali Madanipour, Göran Cars, and Judith Allen. London: Routledge.

Heilbroner, R. L. (1989). Naturaleza y lógica del capitalismo, traducción de Rosa Cusminsky de Cendrero. México: Siglo Veintiuno Editores.

Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Kostof, S. (1992). The City Assembled. Boston: Bulfinch. Krueckeberg, D. A. (1999). The Grapes of Rent: A History of Renting in a Country of Owners. Housing Policy Debate 10 (1): 9-30.

Langer, P. (1984). Sociology-Four Images of Organized Diversity: Bazaar, Jungle, Organism, and Machine. Cities of the Mind. Images and Themes of the City in the Social Sciences, edited by Lloyd Rodwin and Robert M. Hollister. New York: Plenum Press.

Lewis, O. (1966). The Culture of Poverty. Scientific American, 215: 19-25.

Lucy, W. H. and Phillips, D. L.. (2000). Confronting Suburban Decline. Strategic Planning for Metropolitan Renewal. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Lynch, K. (1984). Good City Form. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Lynch, K. and Hack, G.. (1984). Site Planning, 3rd edition. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Madanipour, A., Cars, G., and Allen J., (eds.) (2003). Social Exclusion in European Cities: Processs, Experiences, and Responses. London: Routledge.

Marcuse, P. (2005). Enclaves Yes, Ghettos No: Segregation and the State. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Marris, P. (1996). The Politics of Uncertainty. Attachment in private and public life. London: Routledge.

Peach, C. (2005). The Ghetto and the Ethnic Enclave. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Pearce-Oroz, G. (2005). Causes and Consequences of Rapid Urban Spatial Segregation: The New Towns of Tegucigalpa. In Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Peattie, L. (1994). An Argument for Slums. Journal of Planning Education and Research. 13 (2): 136-143.

Perin, C. (1977). Everything in its Place. Social Order and Land Use in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Portes, A. (1989). El sector informal: Definición, controversias, relaciones con el desarrollo nacional. Lo urbano: teoría y métodos, editado por Mario Lungo. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Universitaria Centroamericana.

Qadeer, M A. (2005). Ethnic Segregation in a Multicultural City. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Rapoport, A. (1980). Neighborhood Heterogeneity or Homogeneity. Architecture and Behavior, 1: 65-77.

Rapoport, A. (1990). The Meaning of the Built Environment. A Nonverbal Communication Approach, with a new epilogue by the author. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Rykwert, J. (1988). The Idea of a Town. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

Rusk, D. (1999). Inside game Outside Game. Winning Strategies for Saving Urban America. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.

Sabatini, F. (2006). La segregación social del espacio en las ciudades de América Latina. Publicación del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. (Disponible en http://idbgroup.org/sds/publication/publication_4338_s.htm)

Sahlins, M. (1976). Culture and Practical Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Sarkissian, W. (1976). The Idea of Social Mix in Town Planning: An Historical Review. Urban Studies, 13, 231-246.

Séguin, A-M. (2006). Los barrios cerrados: ¿Una forma segregativa que amenaza la cohesión social a nivel local en las ciudades latinoamericanas?. La segregación socio-espacial urbana: Una mirada sobre Puebla, Puerto España, San José y San Salvador. San José: FLACSO.

Squires, G. D., Friedman, S. and Saidat, C. E. (2005). Experiencing Residential Segregation: A Contemporary Study of Washington, D.C.. Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Sutcliffe, B. (2007). The Unequalled and Unequal Twentieth Century. Global Inequality, edited by David Held andAyse Kaya. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Taylor, C. (2004). Modern Social Imaginaries. Durham: Duke University Press.

Taylor, C. (1992). The Politics of Recognition. Multiculturalism and The Politics of Recognition: An Essay by Charles Taylor, with commentary by Amy Gutman, Steven C. Rockefeller, Michael Nalzer, and Susan Wolf, edited by Amy Gutman. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Taylor, C. (1989). Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Van Weesep, J. (1994). Gentrification as a research frontier. Progress in Human Geography, 18 (1): 74-83.

Vandell, K. D. (1995). Market Factors Affecting Spatial Heterogeneity among Urban Neighborhoods. Housing Policy Debate. 6 (1): 103-139.

Varady, D. P., (ed.) (2005). Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Warner, W., Marcia M., and Kenneth, E. (1960). Social Class in America. New York: Harper & Row.

Wassmer, R. W. (2005). An Economic View of the Causes as Well as the Costs and Some of the Benefits of Urban Spatial Segregation. In Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality, edited by David P. Varady. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Werthman, C., Jerry, S. M., and Ted, D. (1965). Planning and the Purchase Decision: Why People Buy in Planned Communities. Berkeley: Center for Planning and Development Research (Unpublished study).